WASHINGTON — The situation with red meat and poultry is rapidly evolving, not unlike most other food and non-food sectors grappling with the unknown amid the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. While a bit late to the food “panic” race, fears of meat shortages are no less real than those of flour, sugar, pasta and other staples seen earlier in the shelter-at-home period, most of which appear to be stabilizing.

The meat situation developed under different circumstances than did those of other items, where the shortages mostly were at retail as consumers stocked pantry shelves beyond normal levels and manufacturing and distribution needed time to catch up or redirect shipments from lost foodservice business. There never was a real shortage of food, but the meat situation is different with a bottleneck at the processing level.

“There was a ‘double whammy’ of demand and supply with meat,” Lee Schulz, PhD, associate professor, department of economics at Iowa State University. “First, consumers were buying meat ahead for sheltering at home, and now there is the processing impact.”

Several beef, pork, chicken and some seafood processing plants temporarily closed or slowed output because numerous employees tested positive for COVID-19, including some deaths, with the spread of the virus at least in part thought to be linked to the shoulder-to-shoulder processing lines at the plants. So, there is a real shortage of meat at retail with reduced amounts coming through the pipeline, even as livestock and poultry supplies were growing at the farm level. It is more than just a matter of logistics, as with most of the other temporary shortages.

As with other items, including eggs and toilet paper, some grocery and big box chains last week began limiting the amount of meat customers could buy, including Costco Wholesale Corp. temporarily limiting customers to a total of three packages of fresh beef, pork and poultry and the Kroger Co. limiting purchases of ground beef and fresh pork at some of its stores. Retailers who didn’t set limits often noted certain meat and poultry items were selling out. Some fast-food chains were reporting beef shortages as well, including The Wendy’s Co., with 20% of its restaurants said to be out of beef.

“Meat supplies for retail grocery stores could shrink by nearly 30% this Memorial Day, leading to retail pork and beef price inflation as high as 20% relative to prices last year,” CoBank said in a May 4 report.

Memorial Day typically is considered the beginning of the summer grilling season, which is a strong demand period for meat and poultry.

“As communities reopen, shortages and stock-outs in the (retail) meat case couldn’t come at a worse time,” CoBank said. Beef

More than 20 plants have temporarily closed, with the number changing regularly as some reopen and others shut down, making estimating lost slaughter and processing capacity a moving target. The closings included some plants of the largest meat processors: Smithfield Foods Inc., Cargill, JBS USA, Tyson Foods Inc. and others.

Michael Nepveux, an economist with the American Farm Bureau Federation, said on an April 30 podcast it was hard to estimate the loss of capacity at plants that had slowed lines but remained open. He said cattle slaughter had dropped 32% from its March high and 27% from a year earlier while hog slaughter was down 30% from its March high and 15% from a year ago.

“Before the spread of COVID-19, we were expecting a record year for beef and pork production, so that’s a pretty drastic drop,” Nepveux said.

The US Department of Agriculture, in its latest Livestock Slaughter report, said US March beef production was up 14% from a year earlier, pork was up 12% and total red meat was up 13%, all record high for the month. Cattle slaughter at 2.92 million head was up 10% from March 2019 and hog slaughter at 11.94 head was up 11%.

Also of note was that the US March 1 hog inventory was record high for the date at 77.62 million head, up 4% from a year earlier, according to the USDA’s quarterly Hogs and Pigs report.

Prices have responded. Meat prices surged while livestock prices, as reflected by CME Group live cattle and lean hog futures, plunged in April, although futures prices already have begun to correct in part in anticipation of plant reopenings. USDA cutout values, which reflect wholesale prices, soared. The beef cutout was a record high $428.99 a cwt on May 5, up 17% from the end of April and up 106% since the first of the year. The pork cutout on May 5 was $113.58 a cwt, up 13% from April 30, up 55% from Jan. 1 and the highest since October 2014. Because of how meat is traded, much of the meat now on store shelves may have been priced lower several weeks ago, so sharply higher wholesale prices likely have not reached retail but may be evident in May and June.

Questions about how severe the meat situation may become and how long it will last, like so many other COVID-19 issues, may not be easily answered. But there are some clues. And, today’s shortage could turn into tomorrow’s surplus, so to speak.

“This has shaken the livestock market tremendously,” Schulz said on a recent farmdoc webinar with Todd Hubbs, PhD, agricultural economist at the University of Illinois.

“We have sufficient livestock,” Schulz said. “The challenge is converting that livestock to consumable product.”

Schulz said during the week ended May 2 US hog slaughter was down 40% (744,000 head less) from the same week a year earlier and cattle slaughter was down 38% (184,000 head less). He thinks that may have been the peak of reduced capacity.

With national hog slaughter capacity at about 500,000 head per day, a 40% reduction equates to 200,000 hogs not going to market each day, or 1 million in a week’s time, Schulz said, with that number building as plant closings continue. For cattle, a loss of 40% in slaughter capacity equates to about 50,000 head per day, or 250,000 head per week. Hog growth can be slowed, and buildings can be crowded more, but only for the very short term, he said. The situation for cattle is more flexible in part because few are raised in confinement as are most hogs, and the number of hogs is increasing much more rapidly.

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Schulz said that for each 1% reduction in hog slaughter capacity, there is a corresponding 1.82% reduction in hog prices, thus a 40% cut in capacity equates to a 73% drop in hog prices, although the lost capacity mostly has been below 40%. Complicating the price paid to farmers is that only a small percentage of hogs are sold on a negotiated basis, with most sold on a formula basis or some other way, which may not be affected as much by the slaughter capacity reduction. About 20% of cattle are sold on a negotiated basis.

Feeder pig (weaned pigs sold to be fed to market weight) prices in some cases have approached zero, Schulz said. There have been reports of farmers aborting pigs to reduce numbers knowing they will have no market for them. It takes about six months for a hog to reach a slaughter weight of 280 lbs, so hogs born in April would come to market in the fall.

“While we expect pork processing to pick up in the coming weeks, US hog producers may still be forced to euthanize as many as 7 million pigs in the second quarter alone,” CoBank said. “While livestock prices have been collapsing, industry associations predict 2020 losses at $13.6 billion for US cattle producers and near $5 billion for US hog producers.”

There also is seasonality to the hog market, with slaughter typically lightest, and thus prices the highest, in the summer months. Schulz said that may offer some relief to hog producers, but with hogs backing up because of reduced slaughter capacity, much of the benefit from seasonality will be lost this year.

Schulz estimated the return on hogs will average a negative $16.17 and on cattle a negative $127.54 per head in 2020, compared with a negative $6.26 for hogs and a negative $19.42 for cattle in 2019.

CME Group lean hog futures in late April were down 37% since the first of the